Adorno notes Essay Example for Free

Adorno notes Essay Hypothesis Adorno contends that Capitalism furnishes society with the results of a culture industry so as to hold them latent to their positions and keep them from addressing it. Free enterprise utilizes culture as a method of making sure about the state of affairs by furnishing society with the standards and estimations of the prevailing class. Mainstream society is the purpose behind society being latent towards their positions and uninterested in ousting the entrepreneur framework through advising them this is the way it hould be. Social businesses produce unsophisticated, redundant items as opposed to something which may lead society to address life. They produce programs with concealed messages which are consumed by the watcher, implementing the standards and estimations of the entrepreneurs. Bogus necessities are made by the entrepreneur framework so as to keep society in a peaceful state, needing something that they have been told they should need however that they needn't bother with. This is made and fulfilled by the industrialist ystem while likewise working to their greatest advantage. In TV, the contrast among high and low culture scarcely exists for what it's worth so effortlessly got to by everybody thus class differentiations blur not at all like the show where it is just open to a couple as is despite everything seen as high culture. Adorno utilizes the case of a came up short on teacher who is living in neediness however is sharp thus the hidden message is that she will be alright in light of the fact that she is savvy. He contends how risky the utilization of generalizations are ithin TV, he utilizes the case of a youthful, lovely young lady who the watcher should in a flash like since she is really, a pretty young lady can't take the blame no matter what thus in any event, when she fouls up, she gets off softly with it. Talk notes Critical hypothesis not enthusiastic about TV not for impact of savagery/promulgation Mass crowd same thing sold simultaneously, extraordinary to live/workmanship TV amusement, not craftsmanship = enormous crowd = huge benefit monotonous, arrangement, seasons, run on speculation hrough promoting Compound modern structure, television is collection of radio/film/plays/music/books Dumbling down? television is craftsmanship, opportunity of the workmanship to communicate anything, mass culture, brings in cash, benefits, promoting Critique of philosophy darkens genuine states of presence, smooths over issues/logical inconsistencies, arrangement of thoughts for everybody, depends on consistence of laborers with framework Critical hypothesis business/capital premiums overwhelm Critique/restriction/reason smothered TV increasingly complex more layers, can be basic

Topic about Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theme about Drugs - Essay Example A few reasons for tranquilize maltreatment among individuals are such similar to absence of discretion, intense physical or mental incapacity, to manage physical or passionate issues in the work, home or seeing someone, which focuses on the influenced person. These reasons for drugs misuse originates from the disappointment of an individual to reduce a condition in their psyche which is resultant from the associations with his partners. Then again, sedate maltreatment can result from the family impact where a family has a background marked by utilizing drugs, peer pressure, dysfunctional behavior just as abuse of endorsed medicates by patients (Kinlock, OGrady and Hanlon 265). The impact of medication misuse can be extensively partitioned into three sections in the classifications of strength of the individual, cultural impacts which mirror the effect on the social organizations and the connections and family. As far as wellbeing, the medication abusers disintegrate in their physical and their psychological capacities and might be crippled to do different things, socially tranquilize misuse causes imperatives in monetary terms and disturbance in foundations like schools and work and in family, drugs undermine and cause family separations (Kinlock, OGrady and Hanlon

Social Studies Sba on Poverty

Name:Nicholas Benjamin School:Ferncourt High school Candidate #: Center #: 100035 Territory:Jamaica Teacher:Ms. M. Reid Title:Unemployment inside the network of Browns Town Table of Contents Chapter one (1)Acknowledgement Introduction Statement of the issue Reasons for choosing region of research Method of examination Chapter two (2)Instruments utilized in information assortment Procedures for information assortment Chapter three (3)Presentation of information Chapter four (4)Analysis and translations of information Chapter five (5)Statement of findingsRecommendations and usage system Bibliography Introduction Browns Town is a little network situated in St Ann Jamaica. The Researcher has been an inhabitant of the network for as long as 16 years and has seen that there is a significant level of joblessness inside the network throughout the years. The Researcher has chosen to direct an exploration to locate the significant causes, and impacts of joblessness, and furthermore to discover the answers for the issue. Affirmation The Researcher might want to thank following people for their assistance in the finish of this exploration. Related article: Social Studies SBA on Drug AbuseThe respondents for their significant time spent noting the surveys. My instructor, Miss Reid for her direction. The analyst might likewise want to thank his mom and individual colleagues, for their thoughtful help and support. Articulation of the Problem What components represent the high pace of joblessness inside the network of Brown’s Town and how is the network influenced? Explanations behind choosing region of research The Researcher has seen that there is an elevated level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town and might want to additionally look at the circumstances and end results to discover an answer for the problem.Method of examination The specialist has chosen to utilize printed survey as a methods for gathering information. As per the oxford word reference, a poll is a lot of printed inquiries for finishing a review. The upsides of utilizing the polls are as per the following: * It requires brief per iod to be finished. * It can be finished at the comfort of the respondents. * It ensures secrecy since the respondents are not required to join their names. * Distribution and assortment of polls are not tedious. QuestionnaireTopic:What factors represent the high pace of joblessness inside the network of Brown’s Town and how the network is influenced? Instruction:This isn't a test; answer all inquiries as honestly as could reasonably be expected. Spot a tick at the suitable answer or round out where fundamental. 1) What sexual orientation do you have a place with? Male Female 2) What age bunch do you have a place? 18-25 years 25-33 years 34-40 years 41-over years 3) How long have you been living in the network of Brown’s Town? 1 year 1-2 years 3-4 years 5 years and more than 4) Do you think joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town?YES NO 5) Which sex do you accept most jobless individuals have a place? Male Female 6) What is the signific ant reason for joblessness? a) Not completely qualified b) Lack of business openings c) High transportation cost d) Other __________________________________ 7) How would you accept joblessness influence the person? __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 8) How does joblessness influence families in the network of Brown’s Town? a) Poverty ) Absenteeism(one parent leaving to discover work in another region) c) Prostitution d) High feeling of anxiety in families 9) How would you accept joblessness influence the network? an) Increase wrongdoing and viciousness b) Increase in neediness c) Migration of talented and qualified people d) More Juvenile delinquents 10) How does joblessness influence the youngsters in families? an) Absents from school b) Lack of Proper social insurance c) Lack appropriate sustenance d) Children turning out to be delinquents 11) Do you think being sufficient i s done to decrease joblessness? Indeed No 12) Give explanations behind your answer in 11 above. _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 13) Which of the accompanying do you believe is liable for the elevated level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town? a) The individual b) The administration c) The Business people group d) Other ___________________________ 14) Do you accept the issue of joblessness can be eased in the network of Brown’s Town? Indeed No 15) What can the network do to lessen the significant level of joblessness? a) Provide aptitudes preparing focuses b) Provide business openings ) Help people to get completely qualified d) Encourage Entrepreneurship Procedures for gathering information The examination was led in the network of Brown’s Town. A sum of ten polls were given to arbitrarily chosen respondents. Of these ten (10) respondents, four (4) were guys and six (6) were females. The respondents lived in the zone one (1) to ten (10) years. A portion of the polls were promptly finished and returned while others were gathered the next day. Each of the (10) surveys were finished and returned. Figure 1:A pie graph demonstrating the reactions question # 4.Do you think joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town? In the pie graph over nine (9) or (90%) of the respondents concurred that joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town. One (1) or (10%) said no. Figure 2:Bar chart demonstrating the reactions to address # 6. What is the significant reason for joblessness in Browns Town? In the reference chart over two or (20%) of the respondents concur that high transportation cost is the significant reason for joblessness in Brown’s Town. Three(3)or thirty percent(30%) accept not completely qualified.The staying five (5) or 50% (half) said absence of work openings. Figure 3: A Bar Graph demonstrating the reactions to address # 8. How does joblessness influence families in the network of Brown’s town? In the Bar Graph over four (4) or (40%) accept joblessness increment high feeling of anxiety in families, two (2) or (20%) it expands Prostitution, one (1) or (10%) accept there is a truancy (One parent leaving to discover work in another region). The staying three (3) or (30%) accept joblessness influences the amilies in the network of Brown’s Town by methods for destitution. Figure 5:A pie diagram indicating the reactions question #11. Do you accept enough is being done to reduce joblessness? The pie graph above states three (3) or (30%) of the respondents concurred that enough is being done to reduce joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town. seven (7) or (70%) oppose this idea. Figure 4:A table demonstrating the reactions to Question #9. How would you accept joblessness influence the network? Responses| # of Respondents| % of Respondents | Increase Crime and Violence| 5| 50%|Increase in poverty| 3| 30%| Migration of gifted and qualified workers| 1| 10%| More adolescent delinquents| 1| 10%| total| 10| 100%| In the Table over five (5) or 50% (half) of the respondents accept there is an expansion in wrongdoing and brutality. Three (3) or (30%) think there’s an expansion in neediness. One (1) or (10%) accept that gifted and qualified specialists have relocated . The staying one (1) or ten percent(10%) accept there are different approaches to diminish the elevated level of joblessness. Figure 6: A Bar Graph demonstrating the reactions to address #13.Which of the accompanying do you believe is liable for the significant level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town? In the reference diagram above four(4) or (40%) of the respondents concur that the individual is answerable for the reason for joblessness in Brown’s Town. Another four (4) or (40%) accept the administration. One (1) or ten (10%) of the respondents thinks it is the business network and the staying one (1) or (10%) said others are answerable for the significant level of joblessness in the network of Brown’s Town. Figure 7:A Table demonstrating the reactions to Question # 15.What can the network do to lessen the significant level of joblessness? Responses| # of Respondents| % of Respondents| Provide abilities preparing centers| 3| 30%| Provide business opportunities| 4| 40%| Help people to get completely qualified| 2| 20%| Encourage Entrepreneurship| 1| 10%| Total| 10| 100%| In the Table over three (3) or (30%) of the respondents accept the network ought to give aptitudes preparing focuses to diminish the significant level of joblessness . Four (4) or forty percent(40%) figure the network ought to give work opportunities.Two (2) or twenty percent(20%) accept the network should assist individual with getting completely qualified . The staying one (1) or ten percent(10%) accept there are different approaches to lessen the significant level of joblessness. Investigation and understanding of Data According to google. com/word reference joblessness is a circumstance where individuals are without occupations either on the grounds that they are reluctant to acknowledge accessible employments or on the grounds that there are no occupations accessible. In light of the exploration directed, joblessness is a significant issue in the network of Brown’s Town.This is delineated in figure 1, a pie diagram demonstrating 90% of the respondents saying yes joblessness is a significant issue in the network while the staying 10% said no. The exploration has likewise uncovered that joblessness has numerous causes. In view of the reactions of the respondents, where 10% percent accepted that high transportation cost is a significant reason for joblessness, 40% accepted absence of capability is the reason and another 30% said absence of work openings while the remaining

The 5 Most Important Services Provided by your University

The 5 Most Important Services Provided by your University Students are often unaware with just how comprehensive of a service Universities are. There are a great deal of different services provided by your University and they are all there to make your life as easy as possible as a student. Being a student can be stressful, and being unaware of the services that are there to help can often lead to some very difficult situations. Here is a list of the most important services at your University. Library services First and foremost the library is important for your academic career, knowing how to use the library is very important. Being aware of the multifaceted nature of the modern library can really relieve the stress of looking for source material. A university library has so much more to offer than just books, and the librarians who keep the library are much more important than they are often given credit for. Universities are often signed up to some of the largest online archives for the use of their students, and by neglecting this you are potentially doing damage to your overall grade. Health Services Universities realise that both physical and mental health can be compromised at University. There are a number of different ways that a University can help get you back to your best. There is a growing emphasis at Universities about their duty to help provide adequate mental health support. More often than not amongst the younger demographic at University it is the mental health provision that proves more important than the physical health provision. It is important to seek help from your institution if you feel that your mental health is below par, they have professionals there who can help. Career Centres Career advice at any stage of your academic career is important. There will be plenty of people who are coming towards the end of their studies and do not have a clear vision of what to do with their vocational lives. By being able to access the advice of professionals, who can point you in the right direction, you can begin a process of planning. Talking nearly always helps resolve certain situations, and talking to careers advice can relieve the pressure you might be feeling about getting a job. Financial Aid People can get into financial difficulty at University, and financial difficulty can lead to a whole number of larger problems, Universities realise this and therefore provide a large amount of support for those who ask for it. There are a whole number of different ways that the university can help, and they would much rather that you seek some advice than drop out of University to focus on your finances. Academic Advising University is a testing time, and not everyone is able to get to grips with what is required academically straight away. Feeling out of depth academically is extremely discouraging and can put students in a very difficult situation, especially when they have peers who do not seem to be struggling. There are services that a designed to help students relax, by helping them to properly understand academic practise. Often all it takes is someone to explain the reason behind academic practise for someone to understand. Being able to take someone out of an area where they feel pressurised does a lot for helping someone to think more clearly, and the academic adviser can do that.

The Threat of Love in Totalitarian Regimes as Depicted in...

Love is the foundation and the weakness of a totalitarian regime. For a stable totalitarian society, love between two individuals is eliminated because only a relationship between the person and the party and a love for its leader can exist. The totalitarian society depicted throughout the Orwell’s novel 1984 has created a concept of an Orwellian society. Stalin’s Soviet state can be considered Orwellian because it draws close parallels to the imaginary world of Oceania in 1984. During the twentieth century, Soviet Russia lived under Stalin’s brutal and oppressive governments, which was necessary for Stalin to retain power. In both cases, brutality and oppression led to an absence of relationships and love. This love was directed towards†¦show more content†¦Joseph Stalin built up this love with the Cult of Personality. He was glorified with giant statues and monuments. Stalin appeared daily on the cover of Soviet newspapers; he was in every facet of Sov iet life. Daily visual imagery of Stalin portrayed him as a Georgian peasant, which emphasized socialist principles of power from the people. In addition, people called him â€Å"father and teacher of the peoples† (Runyan 66) and a deity, because he replaced the Czar and the Church. These daily images were engraved in the minds of the people. Thus, the â€Å"Cult of Personality† was flourishing. Propaganda glorifying Stalin and Soviet ideals brainwashed the minds of Russian people. Stalin successfully impressed his socialist philosophies on millions of workers and peasants. Over time, socialism transformed into Stalinism, and it took hold. Stalin was able to hypnotize people towards one belief, the love of Stalin. A simple cause and effect: they saw imagery of Stalin portrayed heroically everyday in the news or on posters and they began to idolize him. Stalin is like Big Brother; he was the focus and with the love and loyalty of his people, he had total power over them and their actions. The description of Big Brother himself bears a physical resemblance to Stalin and his cult of personality. Orwells Big Brother is an all-seeing, all-knowing figure with ultimate authority. Soviet Russia was Orwellian in the sense that individual thought wasShow MoreRelatedN/A at the moment Essay example935 Words   |  4 PagesLove is the foundation and the weakness of a totalitarian regime. For a stable totalitarian society, love between two individuals is eliminated because only a relationship between the person and the party and a love for its leader can exist. The totalitarian society depicted throughout the Orwell’s novel 1984 has created a concept of an Orwellian society. Stalin’s Soviet state can be considered Orwellian because it draws close parallels to the imaginary world of Oceania in 1984. During the twentiethRead MoreThe Threat of Love in Orwell’s Novel 1984 Essays1339 Words   |  6 PagesLove is both the foundation and the weakness of a totalita rian regime. At the heart of any totalitarian society, love between two individuals is eliminated because only a relationship between the person and the party and a love for its leader can exist. The totalitarian society depicted throughout the Orwell’s novel 1984 has created a concept of an Orwellian society. Joseph Stalin’s Soviet regime in Russia can be described as Orwellian. The imaginary world of Oceania draws many parallels to theRead MoreEric Blair, Under The Pen Name George Orwell, Once Said,1462 Words   |  6 Pagesto the islands of the Hebrides with the desperate hope to expose himself to all the creative demons that crawled within his mind. His masterpiece struck the world with the waking fear of   a world where there is virtually no freedom from thought. In 1984, the dystopian is set in post World War II time when totalitarianism ruled the world. 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He centralized executive proceeds unchecked and unlimited closely parallels Nazism. Shortly after world war two George Orwell obviously wanted us to know what could have really happened if the government gets too powerful over its citizens. So he wrote the novel 1984 to show us what life wouldve been like in a totalitarian state. In the beginning of theRead MoreFree Will And Individualism In George Orwells 1984 And Toni Morrison1603 Words   |  7 Pagesare addressed in George Orwell’s 1984 and Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Both novels choose to outline the lost of free will and individualism through the lens of an oppressed group, and while the oppression that each group have their differences, both express how free will and individualism is suppressed and how people lived under oppression without their rights. In 1984, the loss individual rights is illustrated in vivid detail as the totalitarian government, Big Brother, depicted in the novels seeks totalRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay2610 Words   |  11 Pagesthe power to control what we can have knowledge about and has infiltrated into our private lives. George Orwell’s novel 1984, prophesied coming of our democracy of a negative utopia has been proven by current events. Today, the United States democracy is looking much like the totalitarian state of 1984. Tactics of persuasions to make citizens believe their economy is improving occurred in 1984 and now in ours. Big Brother regulated the media in Oceania just as America does now. Reporters fired fromRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthe Post Industrial Society, P. Sadler, 1988, Ashgate; Figure 5.2 J Gross/Getty Images/Sport; Figure 5.3 after Manpower strategies for flexible organizations, Personnel Management August, Chartere d Institute of Personnel and Development (Atkinson, J. 1984); Figure 5.4 from Kalleberg, A., Flexible firms and labour market segmentation: effects of workplace restructuring on jobs and workers, Work and Occupations (Vol. 30 Issue 2) pp. 154–175, copyright 2003 by Sage Publications, reprinted by permission

Bookstore Marketing Plan - 3746 Words

Harrisburg, PA 17110-2999 For the purposed business of HACC’s Overholt Bookstore of Harrisburg Area Community College December 5, 2010 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary........................................................................................................................... Situational Analysis........................................................................................................................... Company Analysis........................................................................................................................ Derrick Beards,†¦show more content†¦This market’s consumer demographic ranges from 10 to 50 years of age. Mr. Beard has secured a 10 year partnership between EA Sports and DMC for all Marketing Plan rights. His knowledge of diverse age demographics and â€Å"Speed Branding† will be a cornerstone of our marketing plan to understand the complexity of consumers at a community college. Jonathan Fertal, Cofounder and Vice President of Technology, has had a long term partnership with Apple Inc. since the conception of DMC. DMC’s first major marketing campaign was for Apple’s iPad and iMac. While working with Apple’s CEO Steven Jobs, Mr. Jobs was impressed with then little know marketing company comprised on community college students. With Mr. Job’s assitance and guidance, DMC became to be known in the Marketing Industry as â€Å"The Apple of Advertising,† because of its uncharacteristically innovative marketing mixes. Jonathan’s double Masters Degree in International Business and Marketing from University of Pennslyvania’s Wharton School of Business has shaped his understanding of global consumer habits. Currently DMC the exclusive rights to Apple’s marketing program. Mr. Fertal’s undertanding of technology as a cornerstone for education will be utilized. Mihir Patel, Cofounder and Vice President of Theater and Entertainment/Public Relations, played a key role with his marketing mix for the Broadway smash hit Avenue Q and JerseyShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mix4711 Words   |  19 Pagesnotes A)Marketing Mix variables (The 4 P s of Marketing) The major marketing management decisions can be classified in one of the following four categories: * Product * Price * Place (distribution) * Promotion These variables are known as the marketing mix or the 4 P s of marketing. They are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in the target market. The marketing mix is portrayed in the following diagram: The Marketing Mix Read MoreShort Cases19708 Words   |  79 PagesMM21c short cases:MM21c-front matter 12/23/08 12:59 PM Page 1 MANAGING MARKETING IN THE 2 1S T C E N T U R Y : SHORT CASES www.mm21c.com MM21c short cases:MM21c-front matter 12/23/08 12:59 PM Page 2 2 MANAGING MARKETING IN THE 21ST CENTURY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SONIK CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. ICI FIBRES LTD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Read MoreThinking Outside the Covers of a Book: The Rise and the Fall of Amazon vs. Borders in the Online World1664 Words   |  7 Pagesdigital books and other forms of goods and services. By some book enthusiasts, Borders was much beloved. Though it was a chain, with hundreds of locations around the world, during its best years it maintained the feel of a great, expansive local bookstore, the 800-foot space multiplied by 10 or 20 (and much better organized). The choices were manifold, the employees passionate, the adventure always beginning (Leopold 2011:2). How did this change? This paper will provide a brief comparative historyRead MoreStarbucks : The Leading Coffee House1111 Words   |  5 Pagestwo important turning points for the struggling company. The first of which occurred in 1993, when Starbucks formed a strategic alliance with Barnes and Noble bookstores to become their in house coffee house (Isidro, 2004). The two companies recognized that books and coffee were a natural fit. Barnes and Noble had already initiated a plan to convert its superstores into hubs of community life, and determined a type of cafà © was needed to produce a more tempting ambiance for its patrons. Barnes andRead MoreVista University Strategic Planning For 20251713 Words   |  7 PagesBuena Vista University Strategic Planning for 2025 In this strategic plan, we are looking at today’s situation to help determine the future structure of Buena Vista University at the Council Bluffs location in 2025. The strategic plan consists of a vision and mission statement, SWOT analysis, strategy, and success metrics. Vision Statement â€Å"Our objective is to be in the top 10% of private colleges in financial strength and operational soundness by year 2025.† Mission Statement â€Å"Our purpose is toRead MoreEssay Strategic Plan, Part I: Conceptualizing a Business1081 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Plan Part 1: Conceptualizing a Business Jojie Urrete BUS/475 September 12, 2011 Linda McKee Strategic Plan Part 1: Conceptualizing a Business A strategic business plan will help the organization define its mission and vision, giving the organization a sense of purpose and direction. In addition a strategic plan will help the organization asses its strengths and weaknesses, and develop short-term strategies that are compatible with long-term objectives. A strategic plan will balanceRead MoreHuman Resources Management of E-Commerce1684 Words   |  7 Pagesamong people all over the world has caused a major shift in lifestyle and buying pattern of consumers. In order to succeed, businesses’ should be able to plan and adapt to rapid changes in the marketplace. An example of a company that failed to understand the digital revolution is Borders Bookstore. Borders filed bankruptcy because they did not plan for change and they struggled to create and maintain its online business. It lagged behind from establishing a viable online book business, and over expandedRead MoreMorgan Stanley913 Words   |  4 PagesCase 1. AMAZON.com Kim Dong Kyun 1. How has amazon’s entry shaken-up retail book supplychain? Traditionally, The book industry is the chain of â€Å"publisher-wholesalers-retail bookstores†. However, Amazon.com made this chain or supply useless. At amazon.com, unlike traditional bookstores, there are no bookshelves to browse. All contact with the costomer is either through its web site or by email. At the firm’s web site, customers can search for a specific book, topic and etc. Customers canRead MoreThe Amazon. Com1408 Words   |  6 PagesAmazon.com accepted payment from publishers to have books placed on recommended lists, widespread protests led the company to include disclaimers on the site and to broaden its merchandise return policy. Not only does Amazon.com lack a physical bookstore; it almost lacks books. Only a fraction of the titles available on its Web site are actually on shelves in one of its two warehouses. Most of the time, Amazon.com doesnt order a particular book from a distributor until after a consumer has orderedRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of The Us Bookstores Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesf. Strategies The US bookstores industry includes about 10,000 stores with combined annual revenues of about $16 billion. Major companies include Barnes Noble and Books-A-Million. The industry is highly concentrated with the 50 largest companies accounting for about 85 percent of sales. The industry includes companies that operate physical retail locations like Barnes Noble and online booksellers such as Amazon.com. The industry is being redefined as booksellers ward off strong competition from

Causes and Effects of Low Fertility

Question: Discuss about the Causes and Effects of Low Fertility. Answer: Introduction Ageing is a vital process that occurs in every living organism and brings about major physical and metabolic changes. There has been an increase in the life expectancy of humans in the twentieth century. It is being evaluated that in US, the life expectancy has increased from 45 to 75.7 from 1902 to 2004 respectively (Tejvan, 2016). This longer life expectancy is a result of better education and increased income (Saheli, 2015). Although, it is an achievement but since the birth rates are declining, there is a major challenge to deal with such huge population of older adults. This has not only increased the dependency ratio but has also increased the cost of healthcare; thereby, putting more pressure on the healthcare sectors as they have deal with the problems of larger population of older adults. Asia, being the largest continent, has a vast ageing population which not only impose multiple challenges on the economic front but also creates major problems in providing healthcare services. There have been reports from the World Bank which suggest that approximately 36% of the population of adults over 65 in the world are residing in East Asia which is likely to rise in the future (Saheli, 2015). The two major countries of Asia, i.e. Japan and Singapore will be discussed in this essay as these two countries along with South Korea have more than 14% of their population over 65 years old (Saheli, 2015). The main challenges that are being imposed by the increasing ageing population include increase in financial problems, increased health problems (particularly non-communicable diseases), reduced population of working adults, economic challenges, increased cost of healthcare and increased dependency ratio (H.S. Borji, 2016). These challenges, demographic changes, policies and the culture of ageing population in Japan and Singapore are further explained in detail. The Demographic Changes The demography of the world is changing at a fast pace with the increase in the ageing population. One of the reasons which are responsible for bringing about the changes in the age and size of the population is sustained baby boom. Both the population of Japan and Singapore have been impacted by the baby boom which is referred to as the period followed by the Second World War, particularly from 1946 to 1964, during which there was boom in the world population (Sharmistha, 2014). The countries in south-east and East Asia were also impacted by the baby boom including both Japan and Singapore; however, the time frames of the baby boom in both the countries differ. In case of Japan, the baby boom was short-lived, i.e. from 1947 to 1949 (Naohiro and Rikiya, 2007) while in Singapore the baby boom sustained from 1946 to 1965 (Sharmistha, 2014). The census data obtained in 2000 suggested that in Singapore, 33.89% of the total population included people born during baby boom that would reach the age of retirement or age-aged by the year 2030 (Sharmistha, 2014). This has been one of the major reasons of increased population of older adults in Singapore. However in Japan, the increased ageing population is a result of baby boom (minor factor) and other factors as the baby boom in Japan did not occur for a very long period of time. This baby boom in Japan has definitely created a demographic bulge which is believed to put millions of the baby boomers of country to the retirement (The Associated Press and McClatchy Newspaper, 2007). Another major cause of this boom in ageing population can be attributed to the reduction in the fertility. The two main consequences of this phenomenon is that the size of labour force gets reduced due to rapidly ageing population and it becomes very difficult to reverse the low fertility (Peter, 2008). It is being suggested by Honolulu that the Japan and Singapore are amongst the top four prosperous economies of Asia that have lowest birth rates in the world due to reduced fertility rates (2010). In Japan, the period of reduced fertility sustained for a longer time after the baby boom due to which it can be seen that there is a large ageing population in Japan as the birth rate has reduced. Another reason for low birth rates in these countries is improved education system that inspires people to have less number of children and many women tend to delay their child birth to have better living (Honolulu, 2010). The improved medical systems today have successfully increased the life expectancy due to which the mortality rates have reduced; thereby, increasing the population of older adults. The science and technology has led to the development of better healthcare facilities that allow better treatment which in turn has decreased the mortality. The population of Japan is aging very fast with a continual increase in its life expectancy; thus, making it the country with highest life expectancy. In particular, the mortality rate of elder people in Japan is declining (Noriko, n.d.). It is being evaluated that the proportion of the people over 65 years in Japan is likely to be increased from 23% in 2010 up to 40% in 2060 (Noriko, n.d.). There has been a significant improvement in Singapore in terms of decreasing the mortality of adults (Ministry of Health, 2010) which is adding to the increased population of the ageing individuals in the country. This not only puts pressure on the economy of the country but also the healthcare services are being challenged as they need to make their services available for the large population of older adults and provide them with a better quality of life. The very common chronic conditions that persist amongst the older adults include congestive heart failure, dementia, hypertension, heart disorders, cancer, high cholesterol, diabetes and arthritis (Anyssa, 2016). The healthcare systems need to be prepared to deal with these conditions on a larger frame as there is likelihood that with increased ageing population, the number of cases with such conditions would also increase. The financial demands on the healthcare systems would increase as there will be a need of managing these chronic conditions in addition to the level of disability of the patient (Anyssa, 2016). The Policies The upsurge of ageing population has led to the need of formulating various policies and schemes in order to deal with the challenges of ageing population. The pension system of the country has also been challenged by the increasing number of older adults who are not working. In Japan, prevention-oriented long-term care (LTC) benefit was introduced in the year 2006 in long-term care insurance system with a motive to prevent the ageing population in Japan from getting dependent and to improve their condition in terms of mental and physical health (Policies for a Revitalisation of Japan, 2012). Anti-age discrimination legislation has been formulated so that the right of the older adults in accessibility of services and employment can be protected (Mala Kapur, 2011, p. 4). In Singapore, the government has formulated several healthcare policies in order to tackle the health issues of the ageing population effectively. The main agendas of the healthcare policy in Singapore are to prevent the diseases, promote health, encourage healthy lifestyle amongst the older adults, promote responsibility level and promote the ageing population to stay active (Olivia, 2006). In 1984, a scheme called the Medisave National Medical Saving was introduced in the country to allow the people to make savings from their earnings so that they can make use of them for medical assistance. Apart from this, MediShield is another policy that had been introduced in 1990 for helping with the medical expenses (Olivia, 2006). The government in Singapore has proposed the Land Tranport Authority (LTA) in 2000 to ensure the accessibility of the older adults (Olivia, 2006). The ageing population is greatly impacting the society due to which there is a need to impose certain changes so that this impact can be minimised particularly on the healthcare and economic sector. The major impacts of the ageing population on the society include the increase in the dependency ratio, increased government expenses on both the pensions and healthcare systems, shortage of finding the working people, reduction in the capital investment and an increase in the services and goods associated to the older adults (Tejvan, 2016). Now there is a need of implementing several limitations so that these challenges concerning the ageing population can be resolved. A major step that can deal with the increasing pressure on the healthcare sectors is to educate the ageing population regarding the importance of being healthy and adopt an active lifestyle. This can reduce the risk of developing chronic conditions which would eventually reduce the expenses of government on the healthcare department. There is definitely a need to increase the retirement age so that the people can work for longer period as this is important so that the working population is not declined at a fast pace and also in this way the economy of country would not face major problems. There are multiple international studies that are being conducted to identify the population of ageing individuals so that the appropriate steps can be taken to deal with the problems associated to them. Some of the major studies include Mexican Health and Aging Study, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, English Longitudinal Survey of Ageing in England, Longitudinal Study of Ageing in South Korea, Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study of Ageing, Indonesian Family Life Survey, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Thailand and Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (James, 2012). The Culture The culture in different countries greatly varies and so is the perception regarding the older people. In some countries the older adults are not given the appropriate care and respect which they deserve while in some countries it is completely reverse. In Japan, it is an old culture to consider the older people as wiser than young people (Mayumi et. al., 2011). This makes them to get all the privileges such as respect in the family and society as well as appropriate care. This reduces the pressure on the healthcare system as the family members of the older adults provide appropriate care to them. There is a major difference between in the culture of Singapore and Japan particularly in terms of treatment with the older adults. It has also been suggested that there is persistence of some stereotypes towards the older adults in Singapore. This creates some major problems as the elderly would not receive appropriate care in the society; thereby, building more pressure on the healthcare sector. This is because the healthcare teams would need to provide additional facilities to the ageing population to meet their healthcare needs. The Singapore and Japan have to deal with the ageing population in different manner as both of these countries have different cultural aspects. In case of the prior, the healthcare departments have to take extra efforts and the government needs to formulate policies that can help the older adults to live independently and meet their healthcare requirements. On the contrary, there is less pressure on the healthcare services in Japan due to the fact that there culture is more protective for the ageing population and the society has better treatment towards the older adults. Conclusion There has been a major demographic change in the Asian countries due to the fact that their ageing population is rising at a very fast pace. The continual improvement in healthcare facilities has led to an increase in the life expectancy and decrease in the rate of mortality. The education has allowed the women to give birth to less children as they want to give better lifestyle to their family and the continual increase in expenses can be a limiting factor in providing education and other facilities to the children. The government have formulated several policies to deal with the challenges that have arisen due to the increase in the ageing population at both national and international level. The culture of the countries is an important aspect for formulating the policies to manage the ageing population as there is a vast difference in culture of different countries. Thus, it is vital to keep the cultural values in mind to tackle the challenges of ageing population. References: Pettinger, T. (2016, 20 July). The Impact of an Ageing Population on the Economy. 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